Pese a los esfuerzos de las últimas décadas, la poca habilitación tecnológica dentro de las escuelas rurales de México ha quedado expuesta durante el cierre de escuelas por Covid-19. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio para identificar los niveles de brecha digital de acceso experimentados por los profesores de un centro educativo en una zona rural de México y explorar las estrategias de usos de las TIC desplegadas para dar continuidad académica durante la pandemia. Se constató que aun con acceso tecnológico (...) limitado, se desarrollaron diversos usos de las TIC para el desarrollo de los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje. (shrink)

To analyze which ethically relevant biases have been identified by academic literature in artificial intelligence algorithms developed either for patient risk prediction and triage, or for contact tracing to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, to specifically investigate whether the role of social determinants of health have been considered in these AI developments or not. We conducted a scoping review of the literature, which covered publications from March 2020 to April 2021. ​Studies mentioning biases on AI algorithms developed for contact (...) tracing and medical triage or risk prediction regarding COVID-19 were included. From 1054 identified articles, 20 studies were finally included. We propose a typology of biases identified in the literature based on bias, limitations and other ethical issues in both areas of analysis. Results on health disparities and SDOH were classified into five categories: racial disparities, biased data, socio-economic disparities, unequal accessibility and workforce, and information communication. SDOH needs to be considered in the clinical context, where they still seem underestimated. Epidemiological conditions depend on geographic location, so the use of local data in studies to develop international solutions may increase some biases. Gender bias was not specifically addressed in the articles included. The main biases are related to data collection and management. Ethical problems related to privacy, consent, and lack of regulation have been identified in contact tracing while some bias-related health inequalities have been highlighted. There is a need for further research focusing on SDOH and these specific AI apps. (shrink)

The main aim of this article is to reflect on the impact of biases related to artificial intelligence (AI) systems developed to tackle issues arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, with special focus on those developed for triage and risk prediction. A secondary aim is to review assessment tools that have been developed to prevent biases in AI systems. In addition, we provide a conceptual clarification for some terms related to biases in this particular context. We focus mainly on nonracial biases (...) that may be less considered when addressing biases in AI systems in the existing literature. In the manuscript, we found that the existence of bias in AI systems used for COVID-19 can result in algorithmic justice and that the legal frameworks and strategies developed to prevent the apparition of bias have failed to adequately consider social determinants of health. Finally, we make some recommendations on how to include more diverse professional profiles in order to develop AI systems that increase the epistemic diversity needed to tackle AI biases during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. (shrink)

El documento de Medellín constituye el punto de partida de una reflexión cristológica original en América Latina. En este ensayo se concluye que esta originalidad estriba en haber reconocido a la historia una importancia epistemológica mayor. Esta innovación condujo a los teólogos latinoamericanos a repensar la cruz en favor de la liberación de los pobres más que como instrumento de perdón de los pecados. A este efecto se compara la cristología de la liberación desarrollada después de la II Conferencia General (...) del Episcopado Latinoamericano con la cristología de los manuales preconciliares de De Verbo incarnato. La crítica de Eduardo Briancesco a la cristología de Medellín, recogida al comienzo del texto, es útil para ver la transición de un paradigma teológico a otro. (shrink)

This paper studies the relationship between organizational ethical climate and the forms of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), including in-role and extra-role behaviors, and examines the mediating effect of employee loyalty. A sample of employees from a traditional Hong Kong-based company was used as a study group. The purpose of this study was to examine the causes and implications of how various ethical work climates affect employee performance. Based on a model proposed by Victor and Cullen, ethical climate is arranged from (...) lower levels to higher levels. The results suggest that lower levels of ethical climate (instrumentality and independence), characterizing a weak relational contract between employee and employer, are associated with negative extra-role behavior. In contrast, higher levels of ethical climate (caring and law-and-code), symbolic of a strong relational contract at work, are associated with positive extra-role behavior. Moreover, normative commitment mediated a positive relationship between caring and identification with the company, whereas attitudinal loyalty mediated the negative relationship between independence and altruism. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. (shrink)

La escritura académica es esencial en la formación universitaria, pero también representa un desafío, ya que los niveles de escritura no siempre son óptimos. Esta investigación describe las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre la escritura académica. Se empleó un enfoque descriptivo no experimental de tipo transversal, aplicando el Cuestionario de Percepción sobre Alfabetización Académica a 295 estudiantes en tres programas universitarios: Educación, Literatura y Lingüística, y Psicología. Los resultados reflejan una apreciación positiva de su competencia comunicativa, considerando que los conocimientos (...) adquiridos han mejorado su proceso de escritura y la identificación de diversos géneros. Al mismo tiempo, reconocen la necesidad de profundizar en las estrategias de escritura. (shrink)

Growing literature has linked attention bias variability to the experience and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Unlike assessments of attention bias in only one direction, A...

El presente artículo aborda de manera breve la obra Pasado Negro de Rubem Fonseca, escritor y guionista del cine brasileño; partiendo del análisis semiótico y lingüístico de su obra, sin dejar de lado el matiz que ofrece en la narrativa clásica del siglo XX.

The paper concentrates on the Chinese philosophical strand of Daoism and analyses in how far this philosophy can contribute to new directions in management theory. Daoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy, which can only be traced back roughly to about 200 or 100 BC when during Han dynasty the writers Laozi and Zhuangzi were identified as “Daoists”. However, during Han dynasty Daoism and prevalent Confucianism intermingled. Generally, it is rather difficult today to clearly discern Daoist thought from other philosophical strands (...) as in the same period also Buddhism, Mohism and Legalism shaped contemporary thinking. Furthermore, there is a difference between the religious practice of Daoism in the sense of popular religion and the theoretical basis of Daoist thought presented in Laozi and Zhuangzi. The religious practice in contrast can have very mystical elements, which are linked to superstition. Moreover, there is also the question of in how far Daoist thought and practice is still prevalent at all in Chinese society today. Hence, the picture of Daoism is heterogeneous, first, regarding the question of what can be defined as the “original core” of Daoism, second, the difference between thought and religious practice, and third, the question of the prevalence of Daoist thought in China today. This paper offers a broader discussion regarding the potential ways of application of Daoist thought today over five parts. First, it illuminates the most important values taught under the name of Daoism. Thereby, it focuses on the Daoist thought and leaves out the actual religious practice together with its mystical elements. Second, these values are then put into the management context to analyse in how far Daoism can broaden our contemporary understanding of management in general and different management styles in particular. Third, Daoism in a management context is then contrasted with the comparably rigid Confucian doctrine also applied in a business context. Here, the application of Daoist and Confucian thought in the fields of leadership, management and corporate ethics is presented and compared. Fourth, insights into the real business practice in China regarding Chinese philosophies like Daoism and Confucianism in fields like management, strategy or corporate ethics are provided. Fifth, an outlook is presented where Daoism is discussed in the context of contemporary debates on sustainability and CSR. Here, the proposed paper illuminates in how far the philosophy of Daoism can also contribute to a more holistic understanding of sustainability and CSR today, thereby contributing to more innovative solutions in management. (shrink)

Hastings Center Report, Volume 52, Issue S1, Page S39-S41, March‐April 2022.

Firms face mounting pressure to appoint ethical leaders who will avoid unnecessary risk, scandal and crisis. Alongside mounting evidence that narcissistic leaders place organizations at risk, there is a growing consensus that women are more ethical, transparent and risk-averse than men. We seek to interrogate these claims by analyzing whether narcissism is as prevalent among women CEOs as it is among men CEOs. We further analyze whether narcissistic women CEOs take the same types of risk as narcissistic men CEOs. Drawing (...) on social role and token theories, we test hypotheses related to gender differences in the prevalence and impact of CEO narcissism on firm-level practices. Using a unique dataset that includes a large sample of CEOs of S&P 1500 companies from 1992 through 2014, we create a narcissism composite score for each CEO based on their photograph size in the annual report, and their cash earnings and non-cash earnings relative to the next highest paid executive. We find that women CEOs are less likely to exhibit narcissistic personality traits compared to men CEOs. Furthermore, we find that gender moderates the relationship between narcissistic CEOs and our outcome variables of risk-taking and questionable behaviors. (shrink)

This paper reports on an action research project about organizational change by a regional food bank in New York State’s southern tier. While the project team initially included a sociologist, food bank leadership and staff, it expanded to involve participants in food access programs and area college students. This paper combines findings from qualitative research about the food bank with findings generated through a collaborative inquiry about a ten-year process of organizational change. We ask how a regional food bank can (...) change its approach to address root causes of hunger. Acknowledging that narrow, pragmatic definitions of hunger promote charitable responses, our collaboration is grounded in structural understandings of poverty that refuse to blame the poor or treat poverty as an accident. Decades-long economic restructuring, deindustrialization and a rise in the service economy have resulted in growing inequality and long-term demand for “emergency” food in New York State. We outline critiques by scholars and practitioners of the emergency food regime. Description and analysis of the organizational change efforts of the Food Bank of the Southern Tier combine discourse analysis, collaborative inquiry, interviews, and participant observation. Discourse analysis of the agency’s strategic plans documents changes in aspirations, exposure to new epistemic communities and repertoires of actions. Interviews with participants evidence impacts of the organization’s advocacy and education programs on people with lived experience in poverty. Through a participatory process, we developed a collaborative chronology of phases of organizational change. Collaborative analysis of organizational changes demonstrates new definitions of the problem, a shift in service focus, changing outcomes and increased funding for advocacy. While recognizing substantial constraints, this project contributes to evidence that food banks may shift their discourse and practices beyond charity. (shrink)

Para hacer frente a los riesgos de rezago y deserción escolar durante Covid-19, las universidades implementaron programas de apoyo y de atención tutorial virtuales. Los esquemas de acompañamiento profesor-estudiante se han documentado mayoritariamente, pero poco se ha dicho sobre otras modalidades como el acompañamiento entre pares. Bajo este panorama se planteó un diseño exploratorio para identificar los tipos de ayuda educativa desplegados durante la pandemia en el marco de un programa de tutorías entre iguales en una universidad mexicana. Los resultados (...) evidencian que las ayudas más requeridas giran en torno al factor socioemocional del aprendizaje. (shrink)

La formación y educación musical en los futuros maestros/as no sólo se dirige a en- señar y aprender música, sino a utilizar la música como una herramienta en el aula. Los objetivos planteados son los siguientes: (i) conocer la calidad de vida de los y las estudiantes, futuros maestros y maestras; (ii) conocer el impacto de la educacióny formación musical en la mejora de la calidad de vida en los futuros/as maestros y maestras, y (iii) proponer un dosier de actividades (...) musicales en el aula para la mejora de la calidad de vida. (shrink)

The principle of beneficence directs healthcare practitioners to promote patients’ well-being, ensuring that the patients’ best interests guide treatment decisions. Because there are a number of distinct theories of well-being that could lead to different conclusions about the patient’s good, a careful consideration of which account is best suited for use in the medical context is needed. While there has been some discussion of the differences between subjective and objective theories of well-being within the bioethics literature, less attention has been (...) given to the questions of what work a theory of well-being needs to do in bioethics and which standards of success ought to be used in selecting a theory of well-being for use in medicine. In this article, I argue that traditional theories of well-being developed in philosophy are not well suited to meet the needs of the medical context. For the principle of beneficence to be most useful, the underlying account of well-being should satisfy two conditions: first, it needs to lead to a concrete, action-guiding determination of the patient’s good; and, second, any recommendations it offers need to be justifiable to patients. Standard accounts of well-being have difficulty satisfying both conditions. Exploring the limitations of these theories when applied to treatment dilemmas helps point the way toward the development of an account of well-being better suited to healthcare. (shrink)

Whether nature is valuable on its own (intrinsic values) or because of the benefits it provides to humans (instrumental values) has been a long-standing debate. The concept of relational values has been proposed as a solution to this supposed dichotomy, but the empirical validation of its intuitiveness remains limited. We experimentally assessed whether intrinsic/relational values of sentient beings/non-sentient beings/ecosystems better explain people’s sense of moral duty towards global nature conservation for the future. Participants from a representative sample of the population (...) of Singapore (n = 1508) were randomly allocated to two “the last human” scenarios. We found that the best predictor of such a sense of moral duty for future nature conservation is the recognition of the intrinsic values of sentient beings. Our results suggest that the concern for animal welfare may enhance rather than compete with the sense of moral duty towards nature conservation. (shrink)

The following paper highlights the contradictions that exist in the understanding of water: it is considered a marketable resource over which one can exert power and, at the same time, a common good used by the planet’s species and ecosystems. Based on this, and after an analysis of several widespread ideas, the paper proceeds to describe the paradox in the perception of water as a product of an alienated aesthetics that makes it impossible to experience the after-effects of the Westernised (...) world. This lack of perception will be called aesthetic omission, corresponding to Eaton’s “nonperceivables” (2000). The text urges us to be aware that these kinds of aesthetics exclusions around water have global effects and ultimately determine the fate of life on Earth itself. Therefore, a complex revision of the established ontology of water is proposed in response. Keywords: water; nonperceivables; aesthetics; epistemology; Earth. (shrink)

The field of bioethics is calling for a new generation of scholars equipped with the normative, empirical, and practical knowledge and expertise to prioritize equity concerns largely underrepresent...

ABSTRACT Isaiah Berlin's value pluralism remains attractive because of its compelling account of tragic loss. The expectation and recognition of tragic loss can alert us to, and help guard us against, the fanaticism, the distortion of values, and the self-deception that may result from even the most well-meaning and good-faith pursuit of political ideals.

En este artículo se analiza “Malena, una vida hervida” de Almudena Grandes como relato paradigmático de las propuestas posfeministas que la autora española presenta en su obra narrativa, la cual recurrentemente se distancia y critica los modelos patriarcales de mujer tradicional, al mismo tiempo que cuestiona varios presupuestos feministas. “Malena, una vida hervida”, integrante de la colección Modelos de mujer, critica los parámetros estéticos que establece la sociedad, y replantea el erotismo y su vinculación con la comida. Para ello, Grandes (...) propone una versión, subversión y parodia tanto de modelos masculinos como femeninos a la vez que exhibe la incapacidad de escapar al modelo femenino impuesto por el patriarcado. Palabras clave: Almudena Grandes, posfeminismo, modelos patriarcales, erotismo, comida. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre aquellas mujeres que siendomadres “optaron” por vincularse a las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, convirtiéndose la gran mayoría en “obreras de la guerra” para cumplir la función materna de no dejar morir a sus hijos. Son madres combatientesque fueron a la guerra para luchar por sus hijos/as, sacrificando su vida por ese otro que una vez hizo parte de ella. Intento demostrar que dichas madres combatientes, no transgreden las normas de la maternidad hegemónica. Transgreden sí, (...) la visión estereotipada de género, según la cual se considera a la mujer esencialmente “pacífica”. Pero no son efectivamente transgresoras de los ideales asociados a la maternidad vista fundamentalmente como esencia, como un hecho biológico e individual. Finalmente se hace una apuesta por repensar la(s) maternidad(es) en una sociedad en (pos) conflicto como la colombiana. (shrink)

La educación del hombre es un tema que no deja de ser cuestionado. A pesar de los esfuerzos y de las diversas innovaciones en la materia, la crisis educativa de la «sociedad líquida» es cada vez más profunda y al mismo tiempo más relativa. El hombre y sus actitudes, hoy fuertemente controvertidas por sus manifestaciones de violencia, irracionalidad, corrupción y rechazo de los valores, revelan la cruda realidad educativa. Frente a la situación descrita, la presente investigación se propone analizar las (...) raíces de esta problemática y a la vez proponer reflexiones y alternativas innovadoras que ayuden a superar dicha crisis. Los resultados encontrados son reveladores y esperanzadores. Varios de los planteamientos de este trabajo ya están contemplados en la legislación y en la teoría educativa desde hace varias décadas; sin embargo, han quedado en el olvido por efectos del individualismo, la anomia, el escepticismo y el nihilismo propios de la sociedad posmoderna. El aporte factible y necesario es la educación sistémica de la persona que, superando los diversos reduccionismos, se centre en el «desarrollo humano integral» ; dejando en claro, asimismo, los roles de la familia, del Estado, de la escuela, de los medios de comunicación social, de la sociedad y del mismo educando frente al desafío de la educación actual. (shrink)

This study examines what Social Studies teachers can learn from Gay-Straight Alliances (GSA) in terms of the content that club members examine and the queer pedagogical approaches they employ. Find...

Medical-Legal Partnerships (MLPs) have been widely acclaimed for promoting health equity and achieving meaningful outcomes. Yet, little to no research has analyzed if this critical work has been done with communities — through meaningful engagement and building power — or if it has been done for communities without their involvement.

La estela de la crisis del proyecto civilizatorio occidental ha agudizado las desigualdades sociales y alterado los procesos homeostáticos de la biosfera. El despojo sutil o violento de los territorios con alto potencial de recursos naturales es una astucia más del modelo neoliberal para paliar su crisis estructural; tal como sucede contra los pueblos indígenas. Estas acciones son altamente perturbadoras de las dinámicas de organización social, y de la agudización de injusticia ambiental. Sin embargo, diversos grupos sociales están reconfigurando sus (...) estrategias no solo para resistir, sino para la construcción de alternativas. El ethos comunitario (comunalidad) -como un elemento cultural propio de los pueblos con ascendencia de la cultura mesoamericana- es una de estrategia intercultural fundamental para estas tareas. La noción de resiliencia social se usa como herramienta analítica de tal exploración. Se destaca que los grados de resiliencia de las comunidades están relacionados con la construcción de procesos autonómicos. (shrink)

Fichte, Johann G. Lecciones de filosofía aplicada: Doctrina del EstadoSalamanca: Ediciones Sígueme, 288 p.ISBN 978-84-301-1962-2.

This article explores the ethics of migrant marketers in Guangzhou. Data were collected from 357 migrant marketers who lived in Guangzhou. A model of Ethical Action has been developed to test the antecedents and outcomes of the ethical decision-making process. It measured moral intention using four ethical scenarios. The results show that the egoistic schema had a positive effect on their intention to act unethically, while the legislative schema exerted a negative effect. The results confirm that moral intention was a (...) strong predictor of an individual's subsequent actual behavior, and it fully mediated the influence of the legislative schema on actual behavior. This study adds to ethics literature by incorporating the construct of social identity and found a moderating effect between the legislative schema and moral intention. The relationships were stronger for individuals who were lower rather than higher in social identity. Analysis of these results lead to a discussion of the implications for marketing ethics in China. (shrink)